Bajo el concepto común de gamificación existe un complejo mundo dentro del cual existen distintas opciones, cada una con su denominación, que para quien se adentra por primera vez en él pueden generar confusión. Cada una de ellas goza de características, funciones y elementos metodológicos propios. ¿Gamificación? ¿Juegos serios? ¿Aprendizaje Basado en Juegos? Ante esta amalgama de posibilidades, las siguientes líneas se presentan a modo de hoja de ruta que ayude a transitar por la senda del juego educativo, para lo (...) que, a su vez, se acompaña esta fundamentación teórica con un ejemplo didáctico de ABJ -editado como juego de mesa bajo la denominación “Catedral 1221”- concebido y diseñado con la finalidad de promover y facilitar el estudio de la Edad Media en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Su aplicación con éxito en las aulas permite aportar orientaciones didácticas al respecto y extraer conclusiones relativas a la conveniencia y validez académica del juego en el marco de la enseñanza reglada. (shrink)

I argue that the consumption of illegally shared pornography is often morally problematic. My argument is not based on any general condemnation of pornography or even illegal content sharing as such. Instead, my argument emphasizes that commercial pornography that is illegally shared risks violating the consent and thus the dignity of its performers. In this way, illegally shared pornography is akin to ‘revenge porn’, involving the non-consensual distribution and consumption of sexually intimate images or videos. The idea is that if (...) viewing sexually explicit content shared without the permission of the people featured within it is unethical, then the same is often true of the consumption of commercial pornographic content that has been shared illegally. My primary focus is on the commercial pornography produced and distributed by the performers themselves, but I also consider the moral status of more traditional forms of pornographic content. (shrink)

A standard approach to neutral value suggests that it can be understood in comparative terms by reference to value relations. I develop some objections to the standard approach based on assumptions about value facts being closely connected to fittingness facts. I then suggest that these objections give us reasons to amend the standard approach with a noncomparative understanding. The claim is that if an item has neutral value, then it is a fitting target of indifference, where this is understood not (...) as an absence of attitudes but a discrete type of reaction or evaluation. By leaning on some general insights from philosophical psychology about the evaluative role of indifference, I then attempt to give some hints as to how we might understand its nature. (shrink)

Education is a fundamental pillar in human development, and its evolution throughout history has been influenced by a variety of factors, including imaginative culture and human nature. In this study, we explore how educational methods have evolved in response to the interaction between these two aspects. We look at how human creativity, imagination, and adaptation have influenced the way we teach and learn, from early forms of knowledge transmission to more contemporary approaches focused on active student engagement and the development (...) of practical skills. Our research is based on a comprehensive review of the academic literature in the fields of education, evolutionary psychology, cultural anthropology, and imagination studies. We explore how societies have used imagination as a tool to transmit knowledge and values, as well as to foster creativity and individual expression. We also examine how adaptive aspects of human nature, such as the ability to learn collaboratively and adapt to changing environments, have influenced the way educational methods are designed. Our results show a clear evolution in educational methods over time, from approaches focused on the one-way transmission of knowledge to more interactive and participatory models that encourage exploration and discovery. We identify common patterns in the way societies have used imagination and adaptation to promote learning and socialization and discuss the implications of these findings for contemporary education. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between imaginative culture, human nature, and education. It provides a solid foundation for the design of educational methods that harness the innate creativity and adaptability of human beings and offers guidance for educators and policymakers on how to promote meaningful and lasting learning in today's world. (shrink)

The fitting attitude analysis of value states that for objects to have value is for them to be the fitting targets of attitudes. Good objects are the fitting targets of positive attitudes, while bad objects are the fitting targets of negative attitudes. The following paper presents an argument to the effect that value and the fittingness of attitudes differ in terms of their explanations. Whereas the fittingness of attitudes is explained, inter alia, by both the properties of attitudes and those (...) of their fitting targets, the explanation of value tends to have a different content. In particular, objects have value in virtue of the features that make them valuable, and these need not involve any attitudinal properties. If this is right, then there are reasons to doubt the claim that for objects to have value is just for them to be the fitting targets of attitudes. Insofar as value is a property, it appears to be distinct from the property of objects being the fitting targets of attitudes. (shrink)

Las fuentes judiciales han demostrado ser documentos que, leídos a contrapelo, permiten acceder a información sobre los sectores subalternos, particularmente prácticas que, de no haber sido consideradas criminales por los grupos de poder, probablemente no hubiesen dejado registros. En esta ocasión se presenta la transcripción y análisis del proceso que tuvo lugar durante 1728 en Chiloé en el que se juzga a Juan Mequeb, indio de encomienda habitante de la isla de Quenac, de haber causado la muerte de Antonia, mujer (...) indígena que vivía en la misma isla. Si bien tanto españoles como nativos acudían a Mequeb para tratar diversas afecciones de salud, la lectura de las actas nos deja ver que estos mismos sujetos sospechaban que dichos males eran causados por el acusado mediante brujería como forma de obtener beneficios personales y venganza. Se trata de un documento inédito de veinte fojas escrito en recto y verso, cuyo análisis nos permite observar cuestiones vinculadas tanto acerca de las creencias en la brujería entre los habitantes españoles, mestizos e indígenas de la zona, la interacción entre los sistemas de creencia, el rol de los rumores en la construcción de narrativas y las prácticas terapéuticas de origen nativo. (shrink)

On this paper, we intend to make a psychological description of Creon as presented in Antigone, Sophocles tragedy. First, we will make a general description of the narcissistic personalities, based on the descriptions that the DSM-V and some authors make of this personality disorder. Then we will show that Creon’s case corresponds to this psychological description and intend to study the cause of his behavior. Finally, we will answer possible objections that could be made to the fact that we are (...) applying psychological categories to the Greek tragedy. Based on Kierkegaard’s description of the Greek tragedy, we will show that it cannot be understood on purely moral terms and how psychoanalysis allows us to rescue the tragic character of Creon. (shrink)

La preocupación por la tierra ocupa actualmente las agendas políticas y culturales de los gobiernos, de las empresas, de los medios de comunicación, de las organizaciones sociales y de las iglesias, a causa de la evolución del clima, la contaminación del aire y del agua, la destrucción de la capa de ozono, el deterioro de los sistemas biológicos, el efecto invernadero, el aumento de inundaciones y el deshielo de los polos. La Conferencia episcopal canadiense habla del "imperativo ecológico cristiano" (2003, (...) 2008). (shrink)

The French translation of the Nicomachean Ethics done by Oresme in the 14th century has some interesting notes explaining the Aristotelian text. In this paper we present his interpretation of passage V 7, 1134b18-1135a5 of the NE, where a distinction is made between natural and conventional justice. Even though Oresme is influenced by Aquinas, his commentary shows great independence of thought and is a very interesting example of the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

The aim of our experiment was to analyse the effect of the emotional valence (positive, negative, or neutral) on true and false recognition, matching the arousal, frequency, concreteness, and associative strength of the study and recognition words. Fifty younger adults and 46 healthy older adults performed three study tasks (with words of different valence: positive, negative, neutral) and their corresponding recognition tests. Two weeks later, they performed the three recognition tests again. The results show that words with a negative valence (...) produced less true recognition and less false recognition than words with a positive or neutral valence, in both younger and older adults, on the immediate recognition test. This pattern of results was also found in the younger adults on the delayed recognition test, whereas in the older participants, these differences disappeared. Thus, when arousal is controlled, both younger and older adults tend to recognise negative information worse than positive or neutral information, but they also commit fewer errors. Results would suggest that the greater arousal commonly associated with negative stimuli, rather than their own valence, could explain some of the contradictory results found in the literature. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca apresentar a perspectiva do jovem Nietzsche em Verdade e mentira em sentido extramoral, segundo a qual o sentido moral de verdade é construído a partir de convencionalização e regulamentação das práticas e dos usos dossignos linguísticos. Para cumprir essa tarefa, pretende-se dividir o texto em três argumentos principais: Nietzsche e o estatuto da linguagem natural para o pensamento filosófico: metáfora como fator subjetivo da significação, uso e significação: a construção interpessoal do sentido moral de verdade e (...) o que é moral no registro do simples pensar? (shrink)

The participation of families in schools where their children study is a recurring research topic. This field tends to address the perception of parents or teaching staff. This work is novel in that it considers what teachers, and not families, do to facilitate this participation. The purpose of this work has been to contrast a theoretical model with a multidimensional questionnaire designed to obtain information on the assistance provided by teachers to improve parental involvement in schools. It will allow us (...) to lay the foundations for the content necessary for the initial and permanent training of teachers. Then, an initial questionnaire was created and, after being subjected to expert judgment, it was applied to 225 Spanish teachers, using a quantitative and a non-experimental methodology. After calculating the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and applying the structural equation model, a questionnaire was obtained that had satisfactory construct validity and reliability. (shrink)

El problema ético de la huelga de hambre ha dado cabida a soluciones contrapuestas, incluso en el contexto de teorías éticas que rechazan el suicidio. Algunos piensan que la sola honestidad del fin subjetivo basta para justificar la acción del huelguista. Otros, aunque son minoría, sostienen que la huelga de hambre es un acto reprobable per se, porque implica un atentado directo contra la vida o salud del sujeto. En este trabajo se defiende esta última interpretación. A juicio de los (...) autores, la huelga de hambre es un caso de suicidio intencional. Luego, nunca es lícito, bajo ningún aspecto, llevar adelante una acción de esta naturaleza. (shrink)

Final value accrues to objects that are good for their own sakes, while instrumental value accrues to objects that are good for the sake of their effects. The following paper aims to show that this distinction cuts across some surprising areas of the evaluative domain. This means that there may be some unexpected types of value that can come in a final or instrumental form. The argument proceeds by looking at two prominent types of value, namely kind-value and personal value. (...) The former accrues to objects that are good as the kinds of things that they are, while the latter accrues to objects that are good for someone. Substantive examples are offered in support of the idea that these types of value can come in final or instrumental form. The substantive examples are then given additional support by considering the structure and behavior of fitting attitudes. (shrink)

The explanatory objection against the fitting attitude account of value states that if the properties of attitudes explain fittingness facts, but do not always explain value facts, then value facts cannot be identical with or reduced to fittingness facts. One reply to this objection is to claim that the constitutive properties of attitudes also explain value facts, for they are enablers for the value possessed by an object. In this paper we argue that the enabling maneuver exposes FA to a (...) new explanatory objection, to the extent that the explanatory role played by the constitutive properties of attitudes in value facts is assumed to be different from the explanatory role they play in fittingness facts. (shrink)

Value is an inescapable part of the human experience and what life must be like for a conscious and feeling person. Philosophical questions about value are therefore naturally invited: What sort of thing would value be if it were part of the furniture of the world? How should we understand the relations that value is thought to stand in to other things? In a broad sense, these are formal questions calling for philosophical studies into the understanding of value notions. The (...) following work represents one such study. Its main concern lies specifically with the notion of final value, the idea that things can be good or bad for their own sakes. (shrink)

Philosophers have applied the framework of constitutive grounds to make sense of the disagreement between subjectivism and objectivism. The framework understands the two theories as being involved in a disagreement about the extent to which value is determined by attitudes. Although the framework affords us with some useful observations about how this should be interpreted, the question how value can be determined by attitudes in the first place is left largely unanswered. Here we explore the benefits of a positive interpretation (...) which aims to address this oversight and make the framework more informative. This interpretation, which is inspired by the recent work of Schroeder and Sobel, claims that the relevant sense in which value can be determined by attitudes is discovered by seeing how facts can be endowed with the normative property of being a reason. We argue that this interpretation significantly deepens our understanding of the disagreement between subjectivism and objectivism. (shrink)

I defend the view that circular definitions can be useful and illuminating by focusing on the fitting-attitudes analysis of value. This definition states that an item has value if and only if it is a fitting target of attitudes. Good items are the fitting targets of positive attitudes, and bad items are the fitting targets of negative ones. I shall argue that a circular version of this definition, defended by Rabinowicz and Rønnow-Rasmussen (2006), is preferable to its non-circular counterpart and (...) upholds reasonable standards of acceptability. The standards I will be discussing come from Humberstone (1997), who claims that definitions cannot be informative as long as they are inferentially circular. (shrink)

I argue that there can be value relations without individual values to support them. The fact that an item is better than another item does not have to be explained by reference to the values of the individual items. Instead, value relations can be grounded directly and exhaustively in descriptive facts about their relata. I show that my suggestion fits well with plausible perspectives on the nature of values and reasons, respectively. One of them is the fitting‐attitudes view, according to (...) which facts about value and value relations are facts about reasons for attitudes. The other is the descriptive view, according to which facts about reasons for attitudes can be grounded directly and exhaustively in descriptive considerations. (shrink)

Background conditions are thought to explain how objects can have value in virtue of certain features and how reasons can consist in certain facts. The following paper provides an account of what background conditions are and what effect they have on normative features. It defends the idea that if values depend on reasons, then there is nothing really surprising or mysterious about the presence of background conditions in normative explanations. Background conditions turn out to be a natural and predictable result (...) of normative hierarchies that treat reasons as metaphysically fundamental relative to other normative features. The account is also shown to have advantages over competing accounts in that it is able to capture the functional criteria that characterize background conditions while remaining theoretically parsimonious. (shrink)

A proposta do presente artigo é contextualizar, no pensamento de Schopenhauer, traços fundamentais de sua reflexão estética sobre a alegoria. Para tanto, o artigo foi desenvolvido segundo três linhas de argumentação: interpretação da alegoria no âmbito de uma reflexão simbólica da teoria da representação; a relação entre poesia e alegoria no pensamento de Schopenhauer, com destaque para uma confrontação de sua posição tanto com o primeiro romantismo quanto com o idealismo alemão; compreensão da alegoria como elemento estético de uma retórica (...) poética do engano. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é interpretar de modo heterodoxo algumas polêmicas afirmações de Nietzsche no segundo ensaio de sua obra Para a genealogia da moral, mais precisamente, aquelas que fazem enfática apologia aos fenômenos da crueldade e violência humanas enquanto pilares de toda cultura superior. Por heterodoxo, eu entendo aqui um modo de proceder estético no trato desses fenômenos, algo que é disseminado também em outras obras.

Esse artigo pretende discutir, em um primeiro momento, o sentido, para a psicologia de Nietzsche, da figura de Jesus n’_O Anticristo_. Mais precisamente, esse artigo parte de uma problematização dessa tipologia de Jesus, para, em seguida, fazer convergir essa estratégia psicológica com uma semiótica, isto é, uma análise do uso dos signos pelo tipo Jesus. Depois de contextualizar a discussão sobre o tipo Jesus como “simbolista” e “antirrealista”, mostramos como Nietzsche, estrategicamente, elabora em suas últimas obras uma efetiva confrontação simbólica (...) entre o tipo Jesus e Dioniso, e a partir disso buscamos indicar algumas conclusões. (shrink)

The chapters collected in Henry Burnett’s Nietzsche, Adorno e um pouquinho de Brasil (Nietzsche, Adorno and a Little Brazil) focus on investigating various cultural tendencies in Europe and Brazil in terms of popular music, or Volkslied. This is Burnett’s focus not only because he wants to analyze Nietzsche’s failed alliance with Wagnerian art regarding the “rebirth of tragedy”—the concern of the first part of the book—but also because he wishes to reflect on music’s role as a guiding thread in debates (...) in early twentieth-century Western culture. In particular, in the second part of the book, Burnett considers the role of popular music as the modus operandi of cultural edification in Western capitalism. .. (shrink)

Nietzsche’s Aesthetic Approach to the Political. An Essay on BGE VIII. This article aims to present the aesthetic basis of Nietzsche’s dealings with politics in BGE VIII. In order to fulfill this task, the present text is divided into two parts: in the first part, I discuss how politics appears in BGE VIII as linked to a dispute over the concepts of “Völker” and “Vaterländer.” Understanding the meaning of these concepts requires an analysis of what I call the Nationenfrage. This (...) question characterizes a theoretical effort in Europe to establish an authentic sense of personal and social identity. The contextualization of this theme is decisive for the second part of this article, in which I present Nietzsche’s strategies for carrying forth the debate concerning political phenomena, figures and events, based on purely aesthetic coordinates. The guiding theme will be the political phenomenon of democracy, which Nietzsche approaches both in BGE VIII and GS V. However, my goal is to make clear that Nietzsche’s interest in politics is conditioned by his interest in showing the aesthetic procedure of his philosophizing. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo, pensado preliminarmente como parte integrante de um estudo mais amplo e sistemático sobre o processo de formação do pensamento do jovem Nietzsche, é discutir o estatuto da linguagem em suas considerações sobre estética, notadamente naquela apresentada nos fragmentos, apontamentos e escritos póstumos preparatórios d’ O Nascimento da Tragédia . Como se poderá notar, o viés de investigação proposto, respaldado em importantes estudos de literatura secundária, primou por uma esmerada, porém não exaustiva, reconstituição do trinômio: linguagem (...) sonora ( Tonsprache ), linguagem-de-gesto ( Geberdensprache ) e linguagem-de-palavra ( Wortsprache ), que margeia a investigação nietzscheana sobre a origem, desenvolvimento e perecimento da tragédia grega. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir pressupostos inquestionáveis do comunicar e do compreender, pressupostos que, tais como um imperativo ético, pretendem prescrever, para ambos os filósofos, modos inequívocos de interação intelectual entre autor e leitor, prescrever modelos inflexíveis para qualquer comunicação que pretenda trazer à linguagem uma verdade.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo, na primeira parte, explorar algumas teses gerais apresentadas por recente pesquisa de Josef Simon acerca do estatuto da linguagem na filosofia de Kant, em especial no que tange ao modo de significar e comunicar presente nas reivindicações de verdade dos juízos. Em segundo lugar, pretende-se pontuar a crítica de Nietzsche a um modo de significar e comunicar ao qual denomina "gregário", contrapondo-o a uma comunicação e significação "individualizada". Como apontamos no final, a visada interlocução (...) entre Kant e Nietzsche acerca do significar e comunicar se dará segundo um aspecto central: o fator subjetivo presente em qualquer reivindicação discursiva da razão. The present article aims, in the first part, to explore some general theses presented by recent research of Josef Simon concerning the status of language in Kant's philosophy, especially regarding the mode of signification and communication present in the claims for truth of judgment. In the second part, it is intended to point out Nietzsche's critique of a mode of meaning and communication, which he calls "gregarious", confronting it to "individualized" communication and meaning. As it is pointed out in the conclusion, the intended dialogue between Kant and Nietzsche on this theme occurs according to a central aspect: the subjective factor present in any discursive claim of human reason. (shrink)

Automated legal reasoning and its application in smart contracts and automated decisions are increasingly attracting interest. In this context, ethical and legal concerns make it necessary for automated reasoners to justify in human-understandable terms the advice given. Logic Programming, specially Answer Set Programming, has a rich semantics and has been used to very concisely express complex knowledge. However, modelling discretionality to act and other vague concepts such as ambiguity cannot be expressed in top-down execution models based on Prolog, and in (...) bottom-up execution models based on ASP the justifications are incomplete and/or not scalable. We propose to use s(CASP), a top-down execution model for predicate ASP, to model vague concepts following a set of patterns. We have implemented a framework, called s(LAW), to model, reason, and justify the applicable legislation and validate it by translating (and benchmarking) a representative use case, the criteria for the admission of students in the “Comunidad de Madrid”. (shrink)